Introduction by Eduardo Gil Pedro and Andreas Moberg -- Part I: AI Regulation in the EU – The Future Interplay between Frameworks by Béatrice Schutte -- The AI Act’s Research Exemption: A Mechanism for Regulatory Arbitrage? by Liane Colonna -- Part II: Governance of AI or Governance by AI: Limits, New Threats, and Unnegotiable Principles by Migle Laukyte -- A Horizontal Meta-effect? Theorizing Human Rights in the AI Act and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive by Mika Viljanen -- Everybody Wants to Rule the World. The Relevance of the Rule of Law for Private Law, in the Context of Algorithmic Profiling of Online Users by Silvia Carretta -- AI and Automation by Claes Granmar -- Part III: Algorithmic Hiring Systems: Implications and Recommendations for Organisations and Policymakers by Jason D. Schloetzer and Kyoko Yoshinaga -- AI Gender Biases in Women’s Healthcare: Perspectives from the United Kingdom and the European Legal Space by Pin Lean Lau -- The Role of AI in Mental Health Applications and Liability by Petra Müllerová -- Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence and Public Procurement by Isabel Gallego Córcoles -- AI and Sensitive Personal Data under the Law Enforcement Directive – Between Operational Efficiency and Legal Necessity by Markus Naarttijärvi.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to radically transform our society. It may lead to a massive increase in the capabilities of humankind and allow us to address some of our most intractable challenges. It may also entail profound disruption to structures and processes that have sustained our society over centuries. These developments present a unique challenge to the socio-economic constitutional arrangements which govern our world at national, regional and international level. The deployment of increasingly powerful AI systems, able to function with increasing degree of autonomy, has led to concerns over loss of human control of important societal processes, over the disruption of existing economic, social and legal relationships, and over the empowerment of some societal actors at the expense of others, together with the entrenchment of situations of domination or discrimination. It has also made increasingly clear how tremendous the potential benefits, that these technologies may bring, are to those who successfully develop and deploy them. There is therefore great pressure on governments, international institutions, public authorities, civil society organisations, industry bodies and individual firms to introduce or adapt mechanisms and structures that will avoid the potentially negative outcomes of AI and achieve the positive ones. These mechanisms and structures, which have been given the umbrella term ‘AI governance’, cover a wide range of approaches, from individual firms introducing ethical principles which they volunteer to abide by, to the European Union legislating an AI Act, which will prohibit certain types of AI applications and impose binding obligations on AI developers and deployers. The fast pace of innovation in the development of AI technologies is mirrored by the fast pace of development of the emerging field of AI governance, where traditional legislation by public bodies is complemented with more innovative approaches, such ashybrid and adaptive governance, ethical alignment, governance by design and the creation of regulatory sandboxes. The chapter “AI and Sensitive Personal Data Under the Law Enforcement Directive: Between Operational Efficiency and Legal Necessity” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. .