04529nam a22004575i 4500001001800000003000900018005001700027007001500044008004100059020001800100024003500118050001400153072001700167072002300184072001600207100008100223245009400304250001800398264007200416300006500488336002600553337002600579338003600605347002400641505063300665520236601298650001903664650003003683650002103713650002803734650001803762650002803780650002103808650002803829710003403857773002603891776003603917776003603953776003603989856004604025978-981-97-2803-9DE-He21320251030112627.0cr nn 008mamaa240713s2024    si |    s    |||| 0|eng d  a97898197280397 a10.1007/978-981-97-2803-92doi 4aRC321-580 7aPSAN2bicssc 7aSCI0890002bisacsh 7aPSAN2thema1 aBennett, Maxwell R.eauthor.4aut4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut10aChildhood Stress, Trauma and Synapse Lossh[electronic resource] /cby Maxwell R Bennett.  a1st ed. 2024. 1aSingapore :bSpringer Nature Singapore :bImprint: Springer,c2024.  aXXI, 191 p. 27 illus., 12 illus. in color.bonline resource.  atextbtxt2rdacontent  acomputerbc2rdamedia  aonline resourcebcr2rdacarrier  atext filebPDF2rda0 aChapter 1 Vignettes of an Australian childhood -- Chapter 2 Emergence of abnormal psychology following different forms of abuse and neglect -- Chapter 3 Emergence of specific psychopathologies following abuse and neglect -- Chapter 4 Emergence of an abnormal personality -- Chapter 5 The Kraepelin model -- Chapter 6 Kohut and Freud models -- Chapter 7 Hierarchical taxonomy models -- Chapter 8 Brain structures involved in major depressive disorder -- Chapter 9 Synapse pathology in brain structures affected in depression -- Chapter 10 Do molecular interventions (ketamine) re-establish synapses in affected brain structures?.  aThis book is concerned with the extent to which childhood stress and trauma lead in relative maturity to major depression (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The loss of synapses in the cortex, accompanying childhood maltreatment, is identified as a principal mechanism for developing these disorders. Considerable attention is given to identifying interventions that will restore lost synapses, so ameliorating these mental illnesses. The book describes the emergence of abnormal psychology in youth and adult life following childhood maltreatment. Of considerable immediate concern is the extent to which such maltreatment significantly enhances the tendency to suicide and suicidality. Next, consideration is given as to how personality disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, the very dangerous borderline personality disorder, and the publicly offensive narcissistic personality disorder, arise from childhood maltreatment. The classification or nosology of mental and personality disorders as well as the principal psychoanalytic approaches available for their treatment are sketched together with recent attempts to use novel constructs that bridge between symptoms (based on patients’ behavior and self-descriptions). Recently, new techniques have been developed for brain imaging and non-invasive and localized brain stimulation. These show that nodes of the distributed brain network whose malfunction is closely related to major depressive disorders are likely to differ in their importance from patient to patient. Wonderfully, so-called ‘closed-loop’ stimulation techniques are now available for automatically adjusting the activity of individual nodes in individual patients, relieving them of their major depression. The results of our research, and that of others using magnetic resonance imaging of mature patients that have been maltreated as children, have been to identify the nodes that have lost gray matter. We have shown that this is likely due to the loss of synapses in these nodes. Finally, the central question of how synapses may be restored in these nodes to ameliorate major depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidality is considered, emphasizing the recent revolutionary discovery that the psychedelic ketamine restores synapses and has a therapeutic effect on mental health. 0aNeurosciences. 0aNervous systemxDiseases. 0aNeurophysiology. 0aCognitive neuroscience.14aNeuroscience.24aNeurological Disorders.24aNeurophysiology.24aCognitive Neuroscience.2 aSpringerLink (Online service)0 tSpringer Nature eBook08iPrinted edition:z978981972802208iPrinted edition:z978981972804608iPrinted edition:z978981972805340uhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2803-9