Chapter 1. Introduction: Europe as a Religious Melting Pot (García Alonso) -- Chapter 2. Beyond Conscience: Judaism in the Philosophy of Pierre Bayle (Sutcliffe) -- Chapter 3. Philosophy and its Islamic Moment. Pierre Bayle and Islam (Léchot) -- Chapter 4. Bayle: Confucianism and China (García-Alonso) -- Chapter 5. Bayle and Japan (Bahr) -- Chapter 6. Bayle’s reception of Greco-Roman Religion and Culture (Cotton) -- Chapter 7. Bayle and the Ghosts of Mani and Zoroaster (Solère) -- Chapter 8. Bayle and the American and African atheists (Laursen).

This book offers a fresh perspective on early modern philosophy by highlighting Pierre Bayle's engagement with non-Christian sources. If our major political, ethical, and epistemic doctrines were solely rooted in Christian genealogies, it would seem necessary to include Christianity in the European Constitution. However, this book reveals a different story. The anthropological insights gained from encounters with other lands not only enriched the ethical and political discussions of philosophers, historians, and literati, but also paralleled the incorporation of empirical data from these regions into fields like medicine, botany, or navigation. These accounts became the building blocks for ethical and political thought, a wellspring of new ideas, thereby making the understanding of other cultures and religions pivotal in reflecting upon the specificities of Europe. Pierre Bayle's work exemplifies this transformative influence.