Part I: Chapter 1: Childhood and Parenting Complex -- Chapter 2: Pastoralism and Pastoralist Children in East Africa -- Part II: Chapter 3: Birth and Early Childcare in Maasai Society -- Chapter 4: The Spheres of Life and Daily Activities of Maasai Children -- Chapter 5: Childhood Play in Maasai Society -- Part III: Chapter 6: Boys’ Ways of Learning, Developmental Trajectories, and Life Histories -- Chapter 7: Girls’ Ways of Learning, Developmental Trajectories, and Life Histories -- Chapter 8: Reframing the Past and Future of Pastoralist Childhood.

This book aims to provide comprehensive ethnographic documentation of pastoralist childhood and child learning, based on the author’s long-term fieldwork in pastoralist Maasai society in southern Kenya. It conveys a timely account of the developmental niche in contemporary Maasai society, in children’s lives, social roles, work, play, and learning in family routines. Pastoralism is an important livelihood system that has allowed humans to live in arid and semi-arid lands for centuries. Children in pastoralist societies are expected to, and indeed do, actively and independently participate in and contribute to local subsistence from an early age. Compared to studies of other forms of livelihood, anthropological investigations into pastoralist children remain limited, particularly in light of critical social changes pastoralists have undergone in the last three decades. Less is known about their local parenting ethnotheories, childhood play, and children’s practices of self-reliance in making positive changes in their families and local communities. Having a better understanding of pastoral childhood in concurrent natural and social complexities is vital for further investigation of human development in general and the pastoralist culture in particular. Xiaojie Tian is an associate professor at the Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan. Her research interests include children’s daily activities and learning outside school, the relation of children and natural environment, and ethnobiological knowledge transmission and (re-)generation in East African pastoral societies. Recently, she has also delved into the study of sport anthropology and sport histories, with a focus on traditional games, movement culture, and sport issues in African society.